tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76481522024-03-07T11:47:30.288-05:00Sodi NewsTracking Telugu culture online. Picchaa paati.Sodi Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01385384889105402370noreply@blogger.comBlogger1374125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-36785556511806589622021-09-06T14:02:00.001-04:002021-09-06T14:02:49.503-04:00శ్రీ కౌముది సెప్టెంబర్ 2021<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.koumudi.net/Monthly/2021/september/index.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="740" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxTMzDGA4nUh_b16BCFix77w4kaG6UwTUb-opLBuVZfOzLa5H_VkHCD5ucxfCtBKy7iD7ZCzLEZFy9YG8eXyYwrAZCL2bpQcmZznGUVJkVw-Xe8bScyTnMWzE6qZKGel4e9zCKIg/w435-h332/sept_2021_coverpage.jpg" width="435" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-88591496286415279002021-08-04T16:32:00.002-04:002021-08-04T16:32:36.108-04:00శ్రీ కౌముది ఆగస్ట్ 2021 <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.koumudi.net/Monthly/2021/august/index.html " imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="740" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq3l91L7OwoEPhpMXH8v56cg3c6soZuuhfOt8cyKPdZxftaS71W8QHcR7_HyzeY9bZ4RjFVbwA5on-jJsnyRp-nwp6OSXxRjE1vHuI3QjVji6fAJ5Ictfh1MaP49gz2lKEHH_gsg/w412-h314/august_2021_coverpage.jpg" width="412" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-36672693041651878172021-07-09T16:26:00.001-04:002021-08-04T16:29:59.848-04:00శ్రీ కౌముది జూలై 2021 <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.koumudi.net/Monthly/2021/july/index.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="740" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4BDkAIxcsMZWCsHJgzLsx_54DdoJGKYxxLobKgj_spJ_FMOW1ZFRNiyY9GNcDG9TQoldy5CjHScVdI54N_KuSq36tWcUEV12cRgb_EACuxXvMUrxtJCIGDxYZJCVbpKoN7nNB8A/w414-h402/july_2021_coverpage.jpg" width="414" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-40980245724555101792021-06-13T16:23:00.001-04:002021-08-04T16:26:25.609-04:00శ్రీ కౌముది జూన్ 2021 <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.koumudi.net/Monthly/2020/february/index.html"><img alt="శ్రీ కౌముది ఫిబ్రవరి 2020" border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="740" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdmV7JqlsmeteAgwmXBMhVgcBzVFIJiU0MlYLTTTXfUuxIBygNo1EoVkhKBKkAAJR6Ul663ibfzAQmxdUZqTUy1FP4h47N8a__g91U5gtZziy72ayXfaEQQA0QT1e-Z0shZLZ2_w/s400/feb_2020_coverpage.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-86633029919059723452020-01-02T15:35:00.001-05:002020-01-02T15:35:43.636-05:00శ్రీ కౌముది జనవరి 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-71611378345188287252019-12-08T00:08:00.000-05:002019-12-30T00:09:44.595-05:00శ్రీ కౌముది డిసెంబర్ 2019<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-68589847569872818082019-11-08T23:47:00.000-05:002019-11-08T23:59:21.674-05:00Why the Indian soldiers of WW1 were forgotten<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
2 July 2015<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33317368"><img alt="bbc" border="0" data-original-height="486" data-original-width="660" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirC4dkqrN_77uG1fJPJHVP3sYMbgU7UZE91hweF3I3zjN1yPiFdBYYVploGIHT_8ZcTUWHZJDdYPoURwuLmL3ykr7acWz6IcRFtkZC6Zzhi__N5q5BlPuaUWFZp2pRzaA7YVh5jg/s400/_83948012_troops-cut.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container"><span class="story-image-copyright">IWM</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Approximately
1.3 million Indian soldiers served in World War One, and over 74,000 of them
lost their lives. But history has mostly forgotten these sacrifices, which were
rewarded with broken promises of Indian independence from the British
government, writes Shashi Tharoor.</span></span></b><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Exactly
100 years after the "guns of August" boomed across the European
continent, the world has been extensively commemorating that seminal event. The
Great War, as it was called then, was described at the time as "the war to
end all wars". Ironically, the eruption of an even more destructive
conflict 20 years after the end of this one meant that it is now known as the
First World War. Those who fought and died in the First World War would have
had little idea that there would so soon be a Second.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But while
the war took the flower of Europe's youth to its premature grave, snuffing out
the lives of a generation of talented poets, artists, cricketers and others
whose genius bled into the trenches, it also involved soldiers from faraway
lands that had little to do with Europe's bitter traditional hatreds. </span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The role
and sacrifices of Australians, New Zealanders, Canadians and South Africans
have been celebrated for some time in books and novels, and even rendered
immortal on celluloid in award-winning films like Gallipoli. Of the 1.3 million
Indian troops who served in the conflict, however, you hear very little. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As many
as 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war and a comparable number were
wounded. Their stories, and their heroism, have long been omitted from popular
histories of the war, or relegated to the footnotes.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">India
contributed a number of divisions and brigades to the European, Mediterranean,
Mesopotamian, North African and East African theatres of war. In Europe, Indian
soldiers were among the first victims who suffered the horrors of the trenches.
They were killed in droves before the war was into its second year and bore the
brunt of many a German offensive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It was
Indian <i>jawans</i> (junior soldiers) who stopped the German advance at Ypres
in the autumn of 1914, soon after the war broke out, while the British were
still recruiting and training their own forces. Hundreds were killed in a
gallant but futile engagement at Neuve Chappelle. More than 1,000 of them died
at Gallipoli, thanks to Churchill's folly. Nearly 700,000 Indian <i>sepoys</i>
(infantry privates) fought in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire, Germany's
ally, many of them Indian Muslims taking up arms against their co-religionists
in defence of the British Empire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The most
painful experiences were those of soldiers fighting in the trenches of Europe.
Letters sent by Indian soldiers in France and Belgium to their family members
in their villages back home speak an evocative language of cultural dislocation
and tragedy. "The shells are pouring like rain in the monsoon,"
declared one. "The corpses cover the country, like sheaves of harvested
corn," wrote another.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">IWM Image
caption King George V inspecting Indian troops at Le Cateau in 1918</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">These men
were undoubtedly heroes - pitchforked into battle in unfamiliar lands, in harsh
and cold climatic conditions they were neither used to nor prepared for,
fighting an enemy of whom they had no knowledge, risking their lives every day
for little more than pride. Yet they were destined to remain largely unknown
once the war was over: neglected by the British, for whom they fought, and
ignored by their own country, from which they came.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Part of
the reason is that they were not fighting for their own country. None of the
soldiers was a conscript - soldiering was their profession. They served the
very British Empire that was oppressing their own people back home. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
British raised men and money from India, as well as large supplies of food,
cash and ammunition, collected both by British taxation of Indians and from the
nominally autonomous princely states. In return, the British had insincerely
promised to deliver progressive self-rule to India at the end of the war.
Perhaps, had they kept that pledge, the sacrifices of India's First World War
soldiers might have been seen in their homeland as a contribution to India's
freedom.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But the
British broke their word. Mahatma Gandhi, who returned to his homeland for good
from South Africa in January 1915, supported the war, as he had supported the
British in the Boer War. The great Nobel Prize-winning poet, Rabindranath
Tagore, was somewhat more sardonic about nationalism. "We, the famished,
ragged ragamuffins of the East are to win freedom for all humanity!" he
wrote during the war. "We have no word for 'nation' in our language." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">India was
wracked by high taxation to support the war and the high inflation accompanying
it, while the disruption of trade caused by the conflict led to widespread
economic losses - all this while the country was also reeling from a raging
influenza epidemic that took many lives. But nationalists widely understood
from British statements that at the end of the war India would receive the
Dominion Status hitherto reserved for the "White Commonwealth".</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Getty
Images Troops on the beach on Cape Helles as stores are being
unloaded during the Gallipoli Campaign </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It was
not to be. When the war ended in triumph for Britain, India was denied its
promised reward. Instead of self-government, the British imposed the repressive
Rowlatt Act, which vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to
quell "sedition" against the Empire by silencing and censoring the
press, detaining political activists without trial, and arresting without a
warrant any individuals suspected of treason against the Empire. Public
protests against this draconian legislation were quelled ruthlessly. The worst
incident was the Jallianwallah Bagh massacre of April 1919, when
Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire without warning on
15,000 unarmed and non-violent men, women and children demonstrating peacefully
in an enclosed garden in Amritsar, killing as many as 1,499 and wounding up to
1,137. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The fact
that Dyer was hailed as a hero by the British, who raised a handsome purse to
reward him for his deed, marked the final rupture between British imperialism
and its Indian subjects. Sir Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood to the
British in protest against "the helplessness of our position as British
subjects in India". He did not want a "badge of honour" in
"the incongruous context of humiliation".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">With
British perfidy providing such a sour ending to the narrative of a war in which
India had given its all and been spurned in return, Indian nationalists felt
that the country had nothing to thank its soldiers for. They had merely gone
abroad to serve their foreign masters. Losing your life or limb in a foreign
war fought at the behest of your colonial rulers was an occupational hazard -
it did not qualify to be hailed as a form of national service.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33317368"><img alt="bbc" border="0" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="624" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcqVqoETjErCGklZnOUT2r7f04FjPfLfgFGGWogVw8RWeqsFqcSh6tJJwp4O8wAosds2SDtdSvMTpD1qq0GZEhVsjginaTSC_I1wfGgigYiuv5JS1QanrYbDuekG-PEsBCZ7oPQg/s400/_83975144_englishandindiansoldiersofthesignaltroopofthelucknowcavalryfarmyard.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">British Library Image caption English and Indian soldiers of the
Lucknow Cavalry Brigade relaxing in a farmyard at HQ, 1915</span> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Or so
most Indian nationalists thought, and they allowed the heroism of their compatriots
to be forgotten. When the world commemorated the 50th anniversary of the First
World War in 1964, there was scarcely a mention of India's soldiers anywhere,
least of all in India.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">India's
absence from the commemorations, and its failure to honour the dead, were not a
major surprise. Nor was the lack of First World War memorials in the country:
the general feeling was that India, then freshly freed from the imperial yoke,
was ashamed of its soldiers' participation in a colonial war and saw nothing to
celebrate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
British, however, went ahead and commemorated the war by constructing the
triumphal arch known as India Gate in New Delhi. India Gate, built in 1931, is
a popular monument, visited by hundreds daily who have no idea that it
commemorates the Indian soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War
One. </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33317368"><img alt="bbc" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="624" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7HVc5E8DxzcyheV0pZ7Y9OYep7nexIbj4xyr8MylOh5zaWHiTzy7Dop-j1vCkmrFxkRlxjEXP142PUCEL5KukMFNsHq7SwDaqq970AcIETpJAzWbb1Y7Ghkq-GEwOzaMvKUo0_A/s400/_83974413_indiagate_cut.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Thinkstock
India Gate memorial to WW1 soldiers, Delhi </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the
absence of a national war memorial, many Indians like myself see it as the only
venue to pay homage to those who have lost their lives in more recent
conflicts. I have stood there many times, on the anniversaries of wars with
China and Pakistan, and bowed my head without a thought for the men who died in
foreign fields a century ago.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As a
member of parliament, I twice raised the demand for a national war memorial
(after a visit to the hugely impressive Australian one in Canberra) and was
told there were no plans to construct one here. It was therefore personally
satisfying to me, and to many of my compatriots, when the government of India
announced in its budget for 2014-15 its intention finally to create a national
war memorial. We are not a terribly militaristic society, but for a nation that
has fought many wars and shed the blood of many heroes, and whose resolve may
yet be tested in conflicts to come, it seems odd that there is no memorial to
commemorate, honour and preserve the memories of those who have fought for
India.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
centenary is finally forcing a rethink. Remarkable photographs have been
unearthed of Indian soldiers in Europe and the Middle East, and these are
enjoying a new lease of life online. Looking at them, I find it impossible not
to be moved - these young men, visibly so alien to their surroundings, some
about to head off for battle, others nursing terrible wounds. My favourite
picture is of a bearded and turbaned Indian soldier on horseback in Mesopotamia
in 1918, leaning over in his saddle to give his rations to a starving local
peasant girl. This spirit of compassion has been repeatedly expressed by Indian
peacekeeping units in United Nations operations since, from helping Lebanese
civilians in the Indian battalion's field hospital to treating the camels of
Somali nomads during the UN operation there. It embodies the ethos the Indian
solider brings to soldiering, whether at home or abroad.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">IWM Indian cavalryman hands rations to starving Christian girls </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For many
Indians, curiosity has overcome the fading colonial-era resentments of British
exploitation. We are beginning to see the soldiers of World War One as human
beings, who took the spirit of their country to battlefields abroad. The Centre
for Armed Forces Historical Research in Delhi is painstakingly working to
retrieve memorabilia of that era and reconstruct the forgotten story of the 1.3
million Indian soldiers who served in the First World War. Some of the letters
are unbearably poignant, especially those urging relatives back home not to
commit the folly of enlisting in this futile cause. Others hint at delights
officialdom frowned upon - some Indian soldiers' appreciative comments about
the receptivity of Frenchwomen to their attentions, for instance. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Astonishingly,
almost no fiction has emerged from or about the perspective of the Indian
troops. An exception is Mulk Raj Anand's Across the Black Waters, the tale of a
sepoy, Lalu, dispossessed from his land, fighting in a war he cannot
understand, only to return to his village to find he has lost everything and
everyone who mattered to him. The only other novel I have read about Indians in
the war, John Masters' The Ravi Lancers, inevitably is a Briton's account,
culminating in an Indian unit deciding to fight on in Europe "because we
gave our word to serve".</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Dear Father...</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33317368"><img alt="bbc" border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="624" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK8tzXTI9WOtDPOr8Yrvh3rYRa-hKpQxy_Rc66y_IgZuHDVGEmD2DopeMxEmy19TBGtSNAtB1mMNe1EcW2g3LYyPnD-_7VuE1oLuh7FqNa42xqgYuAyMy8Ya1YSnk9n7-wtVPoHQ/s400/_83975147_brightonletter.jpg" width="318" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Other </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
letter was written by an Indian soldier, Ram Singh (soldier in the Garhwal
Rifles) from the Kitchener Indian Hospital in Brighton, to his father. The
original letter (pictured) was censored and is held by <b>Professor KC Yadav,
Gurgaon/India</b>. The <b>British Library</b> has put the translations of a
number of letters from Indian soldiers online, <a href="http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/excerpt-letter-from-ram-sing-to-father-subadar-madhun-sing"><span style="color: blue;">including this one</span></a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ram Singh
acknowledges that letters are being censored. "We're not allowed to write
about the war," he writes. He complains how difficult the war was proving
to be. He writes that the information printed in the newspapers was lies,
implying that the stories of progress made in capturing ground were
exaggerated, when in fact they had "only captured 400 yards of
trenches".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Source: <a href="http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/"><span style="color: blue;">British
Library</span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
Indian literature touched the war experience in one tragic tale. When the great
British poet Wilfred Owen (author of the greatest anti-war poem in the English
language, Dulce et Decorum Est) was to return to the front to give his life in
the futile First World War, he recited Tagore's Parting Words to his mother as
his last goodbye. When he was so tragically and pointlessly killed, Owen's
mother found Tagore's poem copied out in her son's hand in his diary:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When I go
from hence</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">let this
be my parting word,</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">that what
I have seen is unsurpassable. </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I have
tasted of the hidden honey of this lotus </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">that
expands on the ocean of light, </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">and thus
am I blessed </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">---let
this be my parting word. </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In this
playhouse of infinite forms </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I have
had my play </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">and here
have I caught sight of him that is formless. </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">My whole
body and my limbs </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">have
thrilled with his touch who is beyond touch; </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">and if
the end comes here, let it come </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- let
this be my parting word. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Commonwealth War Graves Commission maintains war cemeteries in India, mostly
commemorating the Second World War rather than the First. The most famous
epitaph of them all is inscribed at the Kohima War Cemetery in North-East
India. It reads, "When you go home, tell them of us and say/ For your
tomorrow, we gave our today".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Indian soldiers who died in the First World War could make no such claim. They
gave their "todays" for someone else's "yesterdays". They
left behind orphans, but history has orphaned them as well. As Imperialism has
bitten the dust, it is recalled increasingly for its repression and racism, and
its soldiers, when not reviled, are largely regarded as having served an
unworthy cause.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But they
were men who did their duty, as they saw it. And they were Indians. It is a
matter of quiet satisfaction that their overdue rehabilitation has now begun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Source: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33317368">bbc</a></div>
</div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-89398303308001801042019-11-08T22:30:00.000-05:002019-11-11T18:20:22.907-05:00Remembrance Day<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/india_wwone_01.shtml">The Indian Corps in France<br />
</a>In August 1914, as the German Army advanced through France and
Belgium, more Allied troops were desperately needed for the Western
Front. The Indian Army, 161,000 strong, seemed an obvious source of
trained men, and the Lahore and Meerut infantry divisions were selected
for service in Europe.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.mgtrust.org/ind1.htm">Participants from Indian Sub-continent</a><br />
One
and a half million volunteers came forward from the estimated
population of 315 million in the Indian subcontinent (present-day India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka - henceforth referred to, for
convenience, as ‘India’). Check <a href="http://www.comptonhistory.com/ww1webresources.htm">Compton History</a> Link.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/casualties.htm">Military Casualties</a> of World War One<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/amarjit/wwi/">How they suffered</a>: World War One & Its Impact on Punjabis<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Gate">INDIA GATE</a><br />
Inscribed on top of India Gate in capital letters is the line:<br />
To
the dead of the Indian armies who fell honoured in France and Flanders
Mesopotamia and Persia East Africa Gallipoli and elsewhere in the near
and the far-east and in sacred memory also of those whose names are
recorded and who fell in India or the north-west frontier and during the
Third Afgan War.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/india_and_world_war_one.htm">India and World War One</a><br />
India
played a significant part in World War One. However, India’s part in
the war is frequently overlooked as a result of the horrors experienced
in trench warfare and by Europe’s tendency to home in on battles such as
those fought at the Somme and Verdun, which many assume only Europeans
fought in.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://king-emperor.com/">The Indian Army on campaign 1900-1939</a><br />
The
anniversary of the Armistice that ended World War One, at the 11th hour
of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, popularly known around the
world as the Remembrance Day, Poppy Day, Armistice Day or Veterans Day.<br />
<br />
Read Other Links: <br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army">British Indian Army</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_%28Secunderabad%29_Division">9th (Secunderabad) Division</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Indian_Cavalry_Division">2nd Indian Cavalry Division</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://tinyurl.com/r8l46aa">12 Photos Of The Indian Army In The First World War</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://tinyurl.com/r2552dw">In pictures: Indian soldiers during World War One</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://tinyurl.com/yyzod54w">The Indian sepoy in the First World War</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://tinyurl.com/o3rel3l">World War I casualties of Indian Forces commemorated in France</a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://cfsikh.blogspot.com/2008/11/wwi-medal-discovery-reveals-story-of.html">WWI Medal Discovery Reveals Story of Forgotten Sikh Canadian Hero</a></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://tinyurl.com/y8wbeeox"><span style="font-size: small;">Forgotten Heroes - The Muslim Contribution</span></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://mybindi.typepad.com/focal_point/2010/11/lest-we-forget.html">Lest we forget</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://38thbattalion.blogspot.ca/2012/04/private-waryam-singh.html">Soldiers of the 38th</a><br />
<br />
An
attempt at an ongoing mass biography of the officers and men of the
38th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force, during the First World War<br />
<br />
<a href="http://thelinkpaper.ca/?p=33509">Sikh Heritage Museum Of Canada Hosts Exhibition “In Remembrance – The Sikhs”</a><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-90686696106509988032019-11-08T22:00:00.001-05:002019-11-08T22:17:04.982-05:00The war which killed 116,000 Indian soldiers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
<div dir="ltr" lang="en">
The war which killed 116,000 Indian soldiers <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WW1?src=hash">#WW1</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WorldWar1?src=hash">#WorldWar1</a> <a href="http://t.co/kaYeXxD9Jt">pic.twitter.com/kaYeXxD9Jt</a></div>
— Newsflicks (@newsflicks) <a href="https://twitter.com/newsflicks/status/625863615296503810">July 28, 2015</a></blockquote>
<br />
<script async="" charset="utf-8" src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Source: <a href="http://x2t.com/386918">NewsFlicks</a></div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-1163220015546836282019-11-08T22:00:00.000-05:002019-11-08T22:08:56.447-05:00Remembrance Day and Indian Soldiers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Giving credit to the often-overlooked soldiers of two World Wars</span><br />
Remember our soldiers, who were either great-grand parents or grand parents of some of us. They fought along with Allied troops and lost their lives in thousands during great wars of 2oth century. They neither got the recognition they richly deserve or treated as equals of others, except for few. It is unfortunate that no one ever mentions about them during 'Remembrance Day' celebrations in Northern America and Europe.<br />
<a href="http://www.frosti.ca/labels/War.html"><br />Some of the accounts that occurred.. .</a><br />
<br />
Over 1,300,000 soldiers of Indian ancestry fought in the First World War. It remains the largest volunteer army ever assembled in the history of the world. It was the largest number of soldiers fighting from the British Empire after those from the British Isles. Not Canada, not Australia, no other part of the Empire contributed as many troops.<br />
<br />
Two and half million Indian soldiers fought in the Second World War. You might want to read those sentences again.<br />
<br />
If this group of soldiers came from anywhere in the Western world and if they were white, there'd be monuments to them in every major Western capital in the world.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.embassymag.ca/html/index.php?display=story&full_path=/2004/november/10/soldiers/">Giving credit to the often-overlooked soldiers of two World Wars</a><br />
<br />
"Slim's Fourteenth Army was known as the "forgotten army" and forgotten it remained", says Mark Tully, former BBC India correspondent.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4521947.stm">Read full story...</a></div>
Sodi Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01385384889105402370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-53778095008870441992019-11-08T21:00:00.000-05:002019-11-08T22:04:25.047-05:00The Forgotten Soldiers: India and Pakistan in the Great War<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://x2t.com/411820"><img alt="wilsonquarterly" border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhgohkxs9RG5I17T4KPyNuQFDPQQuPpOZrCNmIPT-aalYByn1yJCoG0BjXKpYp-Y7K-0bPmVy63cZlGTA-IyiVzzPDPjj73CE7ta_kpA3s0WrS6IR7fb1XOa8JVo8SjeyyUIVJQ/s400/colonial+India%2527s.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Illustration by Zack Stanton. Photo via Adam Singer, CC BY 2.0</span><br />
<br />
<h1 class="_Title">
Soldiers: India and Pakistan in the Great War</h1>
By Leila Tarazi Fawaz<br />
<br />
Colonial India's World War One efforts transformed the Middle East — and India, too.<br />
<br />
NEARLY
30 KILOMETERS SOUTHWEST OF BASRA, just off the open road to Nasiriyya,
stands a sun-bleached stone monument to a forgotten era. In contrast to
the grandeur of some of Iraq’s more modern monuments, the Basra War
Memorial blends modestly and unobtrusively into the surrounding sandy
desert. Its windswept and dilapidated stone edifice commemorates the
40,500 members of the British Empire’s operations in Mesopotamia whose
final resting places are unknown. Among those names chiseled into
immortality in the lengthy stone walkway framing a central pillar are
the sons of India. An engraved sentence “as sad as any I’ve read in war”
caught the eye of BBC reporter Fergal Keane while he accompanied
coalition troops during the 2003 Iraq war: “It says simply: For Subhadar
Mahanga and 1,770 other Indian soldiers.”<br />
<br />
Such
unassuming memorials as in that empty stretch of desert near Basra pay
tribute to the extraordinary sacrifice of Indian soldiers, among others,
who deployed to fight in the Great War. Yet despite these soldiers’
journeys across the seas and into the heartland of the Ottoman Empire,
the Indian contribution to World War I in the Middle East is
considerably less acknowledged outside the British Isles and the Indian
subcontinent.<br />
<br />
In truth, the links between the Middle
East and South Asia go back centuries; the Great War served to bring the
two populations even closer and in larger numbers than ever before. It
was Indians, Egyptians, Australians, and other colonial subjects who
manned the trenches and peopled the platoons that fought and won the war
in the Middle East for the British. The presence of such large numbers
of foreigners in the heart of the Middle East represented an opening
that built on centuries-old contacts between South Asia and the Middle
East.<br />
<br />
As 1914 dawned, major combat operations seemed a
distant prospect to the soldiers of the Indian army. At the start of
monsoon season that summer, the Indian army comprised a mere 155,000 men
organized into nine divisions and eight cavalry brigades. To the Indian
soldier of early 1914, it would have been unimaginable that by the time
the Armistice was signed four years later, India would provide
one-tenth of the manpower of the British war effort — more than 1.27
million men, including 827,000 combatants. Altogether, nearly 60,000
Indians died fighting for the crown on the battlefields of Mesopotamia
and France.<br />
<br />
EARLY IN THE CONFLICT, BRITAIN insisted on
conscripting only particular types of Indians. Since the 1850s, British
military recruitment efforts bypassed the educated masses of urban India
and instead focused on the illiterate teenage peasants from north and
northwest — a region that was, by 1914, home to 80 percent of India’s 57
million Muslims — whom the Brits saw as infused with a warrior spirit.<br />
<br />
At
the outset of the Great War, Punjab alone accounted for 60 percent of
India’s military conscripts. Their ranks were joined by Sikhs, Rajputs,
Gurkhas, Jats, Dogras, Pathans, Hindustani Muslims, Ahirs, and almost 70
other population groups. Together, they crossed the Indian Ocean into
foreign lands to do battle on behalf of the Crown.<br />
<br />
In
organizing their Indian forces, the British reinforced martial class
demarcations by assigning recruits to ethnically, spiritually, or
linguistically homogeneous companies and even regiments. Emphasizing
group distinctions mitigated the potential for uprising, as the
distinctive “religious practices, dietary restrictions and religious
ceremonies” of homogeneously constructed regiments fostered separate and
cohesive identities. The hierarchy of Indian society, transplanted to
the battlefield, shaped the interactions of, and colored the
relationships within, Indian units. As losses undermined homogeneity and
replacement officers dwindled in quality and numbers, Indian units
suffered along with their British counterparts.<br />
<br />
Yet
unlike their British counterparts, few Indians rode the wave of
emotional patriotism that swept the home isles. Historian David Omissi’s
careful combing of Indian soldiers’ war letters shows that “people
never mentioned in the letters read like a political Who’s Who of World
War I: Woodrow Wilson, Lloyd George, Herbert Asquith, Lenin, Trotsky,
and Gandhi.” More than anything, it seems that the focus, instead, on
family, clan, and caste helped inspire the Indian soldiers as warfare
intensified from frontier patrols to frontal charges.<br />
<br />
The
Ottomans were well aware of the Indian Muslim presence in the British
lines, and they moved promptly to exploit their status as
coreligionists. Because almost one-third of these new infantrymen with
the Egyptian Expeditionary Force were Muslim, Ottoman frontline patrols
were accompanied by the regimental imam, who would sing prayers at the
British troops, hoping to lure defectors. In response, British staff
officers intensified their vigilance when Indian soldiers were on leave
in contact with Ottomans. Intelligence officers at Suez, Ismailia, and
al-Qantara kept watch for Ottoman propaganda, while military police
toured frontline divisions, showing soldiers photographs of the
appalling conditions of Indian prisoners of war. When possible, leave
parties were organized to Jerusalem to visit religious sites; after the
end of hostilities, small groups were able to participate in the
pilgrimage to Mecca.<br />
<br />
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</span><br />
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">That many Indians were
Muslim was a source of angst for the British military— and a wellspring of
possibility for the Ottoman Empire.</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><br />
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">In retrospect, the Ottoman
effort was mostly ineffective at sparking Indian military defections. When
religion proved ineffective, the Ottomans attempted other propaganda
strategies. One Indian battalion in Mesopotamia was greeted by a shower of
Hindi pamphlets warning them that “England was starving and would soon be
unable to feed and clothe them.” The Indian officers wrote a reply and
requested it be dropped on the Ottomans. It included the lines, “We have never
been fed and clothed so well, but prisoners taken from you are in rags. … We
will never cease to fight for the King Emperor Jarj Panjam [George V] until the
evil Kaiser is utterly trodden into the mud.”</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The Ottoman effort failed in
part because so many Indian Muslims separated political duty from religious
fealty, thereby easing their anxieties over the war. But that loyalty sometimes
strained to overcome cultural obstacles. Sikhs, for example, refused to wear
steel shrapnel helmets, citing religious prohibitions against the wearing of
such hats. Meanwhile, the war diary of a Punjabi regiment describes the
challenges the British faced during one cholera inoculation campaign in
Mesopotamia in the spring of 1916: “The Khattacks except the Indian officers
and NCOs refused to be done as they still believed the stories they had heard
in Egypt about all inoculation rendering men impotent. Even when told in turn
that this inoculation was not voluntary but by order they still refused, and
had to be marched back to camp under arrest. Subedar Major Mir Akbar found out
who was at the bottom of this refusal and persuaded them to agree to be
inoculated the following day.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://x2t.com/411820"><img alt="wilsonquarterly" border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZhNYnZ695mKC03Sm4vLDJvyv-J3vZpS0EewWiYyMGNyu9LI91hweJipfBhuBPspaLZkYmjjLcEKekdG7Esal_xu1o4itn_VvYoBPx5e926j-YyHxaQKFl5_Agr_M_YJs8bWRspQ/s400/the+wilson-1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Indian
British artillery in Palestine; conflicting dates of 1917 and 1920. Photo via
Library of Congress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">DESPITE THE BEST EFFORTS OF
THE BRITISH</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">,
public opinion in colonial India included a noticeable sympathy for the
Ottomans. As with troops in the field, on the Indian subcontinent, an attempt
was made to limn out a distinction between the political and religious aspects
of the war — an attempt with limited success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The removal of the partition
of Bengal in 1911 had encouraged Indian Muslims predisposed to extraneous
cultural influences and sensitive to their Muslim status to reflect on their
loyalties. Such potentially pro-Ottoman predispositions were given voice in
newspapers such as <i>Comrade</i>, <i>Hamdard</i>, <i>Al-Hilal</i>, and <i>Zamindar</i>,
which expressed regret at the Ottoman entry into the war but emphasized
pan-Islamic solidarity, the sacredness of the Islamic holy sites, the British
annexation of Egypt, and Ottoman victories in places such as Gallipoli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">At the beginning of the war,
Sultan Mehmed V issued a fatwa for jihad in order to address the question of
loyalty: “The Moslem subjects of Russia, of France, of England and of all the
countries that side with them in their land and sea attacks dealt against the
Caliphate for the purpose of annihilating Islam, must these subjects, too, take
part in the Holy War against the respective governments from which they depend?
Yes.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The British fear of uprising was
real during the war, but after 1915 the threat never rose above mere potential.
Ultimately, proof of Indian sympathy for the Ottoman caliphate emerged after
the war in the form of the Khilafat movement of 1919 to 1924, organized by
Muslims in India in support of the Ottoman Empire. None other than Mahatma
Gandhi lent strong support to the cause of the Khilafat during the mass
noncooperation movement against the British in the aftermath of the Great War.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">For Indians both at home and
in the military, tales told by the returning wounded constituted a central
source of news and information. Alarming reports of drought and disease began
to reach the front in 1915, compounding such anxieties among soldiers. The
impressions created were of a brutal, grim conflict — sowing doubts among
prospective Indian soldiers who weighed the promised rewards for enlistment
against the dangers of combat. Punjabi folks songs from the era maintain a
telling emotional distance from all the war’s partisans, and a conviction that
for the poor, war, above all, meant suffering.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ultimately, Ottoman
efforts to exploit this shared religious identity failed, in part because so
many Indian Muslims separated political duty from religious fealty.</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
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</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Although Indian soldiers knew
their missives faced the probing eyes of British censors — and therefore likely
shaped their letters to pass muster — some felt a genuine connection to the
war. One soldier wrote that this was “the time to show one’s loyalty to the
Sirkar, to earn a name for oneself. To die on the battlefield is glory. For a
thousand years, one’s name will be remembered.” Bonds forged in the crucible of
trench combat reinforced morale. Echoing a refrain heard across military
history, one soldier confided, “I cannot describe to you how great fascination
there is in fighting at the front. One experiences a feeling of exhilaration.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">These concomitant feelings of
loyalty and exhilaration were doubly tested at the outset of Sharif Husayn’s
Arab Revolt in June 1916. It was a jolting event for Indian Muslims, whose
incredulity hardened into criticism at the revolt for risking the sanctity of
Islam’s holy sites. Throughout India, anti-Arab feeling was apparent; the
All-India Muslim League in Lucknow embodied the reaction of political actors across
Muslim India: “The Arab rebels headed by the Sharif of Mecca, whose outrageous
conduct may place in jeopardy the safety and sanctity of the holy places of
Islam in the Hejaz and Mesopotamia.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Nonetheless, in the letters
that Omissi curates, ideological discussions or broader political dynamics
generally rank behind concerns of the familial strains caused by war. One
Punjabi soldier argued that while “those who do not put their hearts into the
work of fighting the King’s enemies are clearly worthy of the greatest blame,”
it is incumbent on the king to ameliorate the burdens of extended deployment.
He continued, “[The Caliph] Hazrat Umar … had a law passed that in future every
married soldier should be allowed to return to his home on leave once every six
months. I have been astonished to think that when we have such a King, renowned
throughout the world for his kindness and justice, he has never considered this
problem.”</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Indian soldiers faced a
mixture of socioeconomic hardship and ideological pressure. Some units mutinied
rather than face their brethren on the battlefield, while some Pathans even
fired on their own sentries before deserting their ranks. According to official
figures, after four years of war almost half of the Punjabi deserters remained
at large. Some soldiers worried about the desertions and what they said about
the honorability of the overall unit. Others worried over the condition of
their Indian comrades who were imprisoned after mutinying. As the war ground
on, an increasing number sought to escape the front through self-inflicted
wounds, often to their left hands and feet, while night blindness in one unit
was discovered to be mostly self-induced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">A ship
travels the Suez Canal early in the 20th century. Lantern slide image via
Brooklyn Museum, GoodyearArchival Collection. Colored by Joseph Hawkes.</span><br />
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">FOR GREAT BRITAIN, EGYPT'S
STRATEGIC VALUE</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> was
immeasurable: an equidistant geopolitical hub between the Middle East and
Europe for deployments ranging from Basra to Marseilles. Since the British
takeover of Egypt in 1882, maintaining control over the Suez Canal became the <i>sine
qua non</i> of London’s regional strategy. Thirty-four feet deep, 100 miles
long, and 190 feet wide at minimum, the Suez Canal constituted a formidable
waterway, more than one-third of which was naturally protected by lakes and
floodplains. The rest, however, would need to be protected by troops. It would
be defended at all costs.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">By January 1915 the British
had increased the Suez defense to 70,000 soldiers drawn from across the empire:
Indians, Australians, New Zealanders, all united to defend the canal. Although
the government controlled any reporting on troop movements, the disembarkation
of thousands of Indians at railway stations inevitably sparked curiosity. “The
streets of Egypt were packed with English and Indian soldiers staying at
Heliopolis and Zeytun,” <i>al-Ahram</i> reported. “The crowds gathered to watch
them and some thought that the Indians looked exactly like the Japanese.” In
Egypt, separate military encampments did limit somewhat the interaction between
Indians and Egyptians, and British apprehension at the prospect of thousands of
Indian men stationed in Egypt caused them to declare Port Said — a noted
prostitution center — as entirely “out of bounds.” Some, however, readily
resigned themselves to their new milieu, even taking to their new setting
enthusiastically. In four years of war, India sent 95,000 combatants and 135,000
noncombatants to the Egyptian and Palestine front.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Scouts
for an Indian cavalry regiment pause to consult a map near Vraignes,
France; April 1917. Photo via Imperial War Museum.</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">IN THE PREDAWN HOURS OF EARLY
FEBRUARY 1915</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">,
Indian sentries spied the silhouetted mass of an Ottoman attacking force
silently pushing off the east bank of the Suez and making its way toward their
defensive works. In the ensuing battle, Punjabis trained heavy fire on pontoons
and other amphibious assault craft, sinking them in rapid succession, with
Rajputs, Egyptians, and Sikhs participating in the operation.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">As one of the first
Egyptian-Indian actions of the war against the Ottomans, the first Suez
offensive set the tone for the ensuing battle over Palestine. Several Indian
divisions saw action on disparate fronts from the lush countryside of France to
the barren desert of Mesopotamia. Then, following the surrender of Baghdad,
these troops joined newly arrived Indian cavalry — redeployed from Europe — to
help form the Egyptian Expeditionary Corps.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Although they would win him
brilliant victories, culminating in the Battle of Megiddo in northern Palestine
in September 1918, Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, leader of the Egyptian
Expeditionary Force, invoked some of the same stereotypes as his contemporaries
in discussing his colonial men. In the aftermath of one Pathan outpost
deserting to the Ottomans, Allenby was piqued. “If I could be reinforced by 3
or 4 good divisions … I could, I think, really get a move on my Turks.” So it must
have been disheartening to Allenby when in late 1917 London accelerated the
“Indianization” of his force.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Increasing the number of
Indians in the Egyptian Expeditionary Corps was Britain’s effort to build up
Allenby’s troops “without having to make recourse to fresh drafts from Britain,
which was facing accumulating manpower problems.” British planners also hoped
to draw on the organizational skills and combat experiences of Indian units
acclimated to three years of war in the Middle East. The perceived downside to
such a move was the risk of stationing in Palestine large numbers of Indian
Muslims in direct opposition and proximity to their Ottoman coreligionists. By
late 1917, the gears of the Indian recruiting system were rotating at full
speed, enabling such a policy shift.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The increasing
“Indianization” of Britain’s army was born of necessity and occurred
amidst British jitters over stationing Indian Muslims in proximity to
their Ottoman coreligionists.</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">On December 11, 1917, Allenby
dismounted and walked into Jerusalem, prompting Prime Minister Lloyd George to
advocate a major offensive to break out into Greater Syria, thereby refocusing
“a Eurocentric effort he regarded as counterproductive.” In response, Allenby
submitted his resourcing requirements for further action. Allenby’s plans,
however, were soon interrupted by a massive, last-ditch German offensive
launched in March 1918 in Flanders and France, an attack that ripped large
holes in two British armies. Allenby’s hopes for British reinforcements died
along with entire divisions in the fields of Flanders and France. As the War
Office rapidly recalled troops to Europe to stem the rising German tide, the
pace of “Indianization” in Palestine quickened. While Allenby’s deceptions
eventually outmaneuvered the Germans and Ottomans, the war itself was fought
and won largely by an Indian and Egyptian force.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Integral to that victory was
“the last great cavalry campaign in history.” Although Indian infantry
prepared, assaulted, and broke through the Ottoman lines during Allenby’s fall
offensive, it was the Desert Mounted Corps that pushed through the Ottoman gaps
and prevented an orderly Ottoman retreat. This sweeping cavalry ride
accomplished what European troops had been unable to do in the stalemate of
Europe. </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://nyti.ms/1zN5UGY"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">New York Times</span></i></a><a href="http://nyti.ms/1zN5UGY"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> correspondent W. T. Massey reported on “great feats by
the cavalry” and described Indian charges</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">: “brilliantly … perfectly
timed … masterly success … a feat almost without parallel in this war.”</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">As in past conflicts, the
cavalry also served as raiders and intelligence gatherers. Charles Trench, an
Indian army officer in the 1930s who became known for his popular historical
works, relates one such raid during the “dash up the coast:”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Just short of Damascus a
squadron of the Poona Horse charged in error a body of Arabs who proved too
elusive for them. They did, however, bag a large motor-car containing a
European splendidly Arab-garbed. Suspecting a German spy, Risaldar Major Hamir
Singh demanded his surrender, and there ensued a heated altercation, neither
understanding one word the other said. It transpired that this individual’s
name was Lawrence, and that he had something to do with the Sharif of Mecca’s
forces.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">As Trench suggests, this
incident may in part account for T. E. Lawrence’s general bias toward the
Indian army. The incident notwithstanding, Allenby’s attack — up the coastal
plain, through the central Palestinian highlands, and across the Jordan River
valley — inspired pride among Indian troops. Testifying to their momentum, in
all of 1918 the Egyptian Expeditionary Force suffered only a few dozen
desertions.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">That is not to say, however,
that Allenby’s thrust through Palestine was simple. Although it is often
portrayed as swift and active in comparison to the static European front,
conditions in Palestine were far from ideal and cost Allenby 9,980 Indian and
native troops. While British captains often fixed bayonets and ordered charges,
it was mostly Indian units who executed those orders. Their suffering is
exemplified in the Indian experience at Kut, while their determination was
rewarded with the eventual capture of Baghdad.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Indeed, it was in Mesopotamia
where the pain of defeat and the exhilaration of victory merged into one.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Indian
troops man a three-pound, wagon-mounted Hotchkiss gun on the railway between
Basra and Nasiriya. Photo via Imperial War Museum</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">IT BEGAN IN NOVEMBER 1914,</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> when the Indian Sixth
Division was dispatched to capture Basra and secure the Anglo-Persian oil
installations. Facing them in Mesopotamia were 17,000 infantrymen, 380 cavalry,
44 field guns, and three machine guns. By the time of the Armistice, over 600,000
Indian men had, in one form or another, experienced the great convulsion of
Mesopotamian warfare. In the beginning, a large-scale war along the Tigris
seemed unlikely. However, after a series of initial victories, British
decision-makers were tempted by the ease of their early advances and cast
strategic prudence aside.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Lord Hardinge, the British
viceroy, argued in November 1915 that “our success hitherto in Mesopotamia has
been the main factor which has kept Persia, Afghanistan, and India itself
quiet.” Ultimately, however, the blame for one of the greatest catastrophes in
British military history — the defeat at Kut — rests on the commanders on the
spot, in particular General John Nixon. Nixon’s preference for an ethos of
inspirational leadership came at the expense of logistical preparation. The
Tigris expedition faced one logistical hurdle after another; unfortunately,
Nixon’s confidence in the fighting spirit of his men came at the expense of
such indispensable work as the development of the port of Basra. Martial valor
proved no substitute for careful preparation.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">From the beginning, life
inside besieged Kut was emotionally and physically torturous. As the historian
Nikolas Gardner has detailed, the Ottomans bombarded Kut with “leaflets printed
in various Indian languages calling on sepoys to murder their British officers
and join the Turks.” As elsewhere, this Ottoman initiative had little effect,
but it reminded Townshend of the dilemma Indian soldiers faced fighting in a
foreign land against coreligionists while subsisting on inadequate provisions
and receiving insufficient medical care. As the siege dragged on, conditions
only worsened.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">On January 20, 1916, as the
prospect of immediate relief was dwindling and vegetables and other food grew
scarce inside Kut, Townshend ordered his men to halve their rations. The
garrison’s tinned meat supplies gave way to an even less appetizing reality:
the consumption of pack animals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">An
emaciated Indian soldier who survived the siege at Kut. Photo via Imperial War
Museum.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Although famished, many
Indians refused to incorporate horse and mule into their daily diet, as they
considered themselves prohibited by religious rules from doing so, and fretted
that their comrades would share news of this trespass upon returning home.
Townshend sought to overcome his soldiers’ hesitations by soliciting statements
from Indian religious leaders, posted throughout Kut, “sanctioning the
consumption of horseflesh.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Moreover, the soldiers’
reliance on diminishing and inadequate rations of flour and unprocessed grain
led to outbreaks of pneumonia, jaundice, and dysentery at alarmingly high
levels. On March 7, 1916, the daily ration was set at 10 ounces of barley flour
and four of parched barley grain; by the end of the month, rations were further
reduced to six and four ounces, respectively. In mid-April, after rations were
reduced to four ounces of flour, roughly 10,000 Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims
relented and began consuming horsemeat. For some, it was already too late; by
one author’s documentation, in consuming less than half of the calories
necessary to maintain their strength, British soldiers lost an average of 12.5
pounds, while Indians lost approximately 17 pounds during the siege. Reads one
soldier’s memoir: “We are a sick army, a skeleton army rocking with cholera and
disease.” A small percentage of the force despaired; desertions rose, and
others committed suicide.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Surrender followed. Conditions
did not change quickly after the fall of Kut. One major summarized the state of
conditions while entrenched with Punjabis in simple, unexaggerated staccato:
“Heat is appalling and only just beginning. Flies bite hard and are in
thousands. Cholera has started. … We lie and gasp all day. … Meals are
practically an impossibility on account of the flies.” He later describes a
march in which “men fell like flies” as more than “1,000 collapsed from heat
and lack of water. … Men simply crumpled up.”</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">These conditions were endured
by a particularly large number of Indian soldiers, since more than twice as
many fought in Mesopotamia as in France (or Palestine). The influence of these
theaters could not have been equal; Mesopotamia, more than Palestine or France,
shaped the Indian soldier.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Thirty percent of the Indian
force would not survive their Ottoman internment.</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">IN THE GREAT WAR, SOUTH ASIANS
WERE CRITICAL </span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">to
Triple Entente victories around the Gulf, in Palestine, and throughout Greater
Syria. This fact alone justifies paying increased attention to the Indians who
fought in the Middle East, especially when compared to the enormous scholarship
devoted to their European counterparts. Set aside their military contributions,
however, and an additional rationale for studying these South Asians emerges.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><br />
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">It was Indians,
Egyptians, Australians, and other colonial subjects who manned the trenches and
peopled the platoons that fought and won the war in the Middle East for
the British.</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><br />
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">By traveling across the Indian
Ocean and into the Middle East, these men experienced new worlds and new
people. In Palestine, they fought with the Arab Revolt; in Mesopotamia, they
suffered among rivertine tribes; on Gallipoli, they charged Ottoman Turks; and
in Cairo, they experienced cosmopolitan urbanites.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A diverse array of Indians
encountered an equally diverse group of Middle Easterners for four intensive
years, deepening and broadening a long-standing connection between the two
regions. As the Middle East transitioned into its postwar era, its interactions
and experiences with South Asia became an important part of its historical
memory.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">* * *</span></div>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Leila Tarazi Fawaz</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is Issam M. Fares Professor of Lebanese and Eastern
Mediterranean Studies at Tufts University. This piece is adapted from her
book, </span></i><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674735491"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A Land of Aching Hearts:
The Middle East in the Great War<i>, available from Harvard University Press</i></span></a></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
Source: <a href="http://x2t.com/411820">wilsonquarterly</a></div>
</div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-3404310417591835052019-11-08T16:00:00.000-05:002019-11-08T22:15:14.436-05:00After ‘Dunkirk’, a starter list of 10 engaging books (and a bonus) on India’s role in the World Wars<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="orange-tag"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="color: red;">Literature and history</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Don’t go looking in
history texts. The books to read are elsewhere.</span></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://x2t.com/507185"><img alt="scrollin" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8H3v_jZlafvTi0xUZm80kyv_fJl1irmbtHC9SKZVgtdXalYEF4WzXblpMR4XX9tCmTVgpFLF9Mblg1qBolC5VtBTT7h5lZHdli35M4IeL_8A9GGyUZijppH0QHSBoL1s22aNSDA/s400/70+yrs+partition.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Wikimedia
Commons </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yesterday
· 08:30 am </span></span>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://scroll.in/author/13703">Jenny Bhatt</a></span>
</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Since the
release of the movie <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-eMt3SrfFU" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: blue;">Dunkirk</span></i></a>, there has
been a fair bit of commentary on news and social media about the <a href="https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/opinion/dunkirk-indians-world-war.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">whitewashing</span></a> of non-British
forces who were either conscripted or volunteered in large numbers in World War
II. Christopher Nolan may have had his reasons for <a href="https://video.scroll.in/845382/video-christopher-nolan-missed-out-a-significant-piece-of-history-in-dunkirk"><span style="color: blue;">leaving them out</span></a>, but it will remain his cross to
bear.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In India,
the film industry – by many accounts, the largest in the world – has responded
with, generally speaking, an apathetic kind of protest. For those who have
raised their voices louder than usual, the writer, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/01/its-time-indian-filmmakers-told-their-own-stories-instead-of-ge_a_23059469/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Sandip Roy</span></a>, threw down the
gauntlet, and rightly so, saying they ought to make WWII movies that tell our
stories and take control of our own narratives. Clearly, the Indian film
industry has all the resources, talent, and know-how to be able to do so.</span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But is
the increased griping about denied representation due to concerns about
distortion of history and/or being unappreciated by the West for India’s
considerable wartime contributions? I venture to say: no. For the average
middle-class Indian, when it comes to understanding India’s role during that
particular time in history, the emphasis in both formal education and popular
culture has mostly been on India’s freedom struggle at the expense of almost
all other narratives. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Certainly,
growing up in 1970-80s India, the only battles and wars that I recall being
made aware of – whether in school texts or other reading or popular culture –
were those related to the Mughals, the Marathas, or India’s independence from
the British. These days, there is a new story nearly every month in Indian
media about school history texts being altered and/or books and movies being
censored/tailored to fit a nationalist agenda.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Also, we
are not so innocent in how we portray other nationalities or history in popular
media. The last big period movie with the British in it was the Oscar-nominated
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSIGQ0YkFxs" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: blue;">Lagaan</span></i></a>, which showed the British colonialists
as either saviors or sinners. Entire groups of people can hardly be described
in such binary terms, can they?</span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is
more bothersome that there continues to be a lack of curiosity and knowledge
about India’s WWII history – not just within the film industry but also across
large groups of movie-watching audiences. The American author, George
Santayana, famously wrote: “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to
repeat it.” Here, we have a case of not even knowing the past, which is,
surely, even more egregious.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Further,
to avoid succumbing to the various dangers of a “single story,” as author<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie</span></a> has described so
beautifully, we would do well, as a community or nation, to expand our view of
all that we were capable of in the past and what came of those capabilities. To
that end, here is a starter list of 10 well-researched and well-written books
about India’s role in the two World Wars. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Farthest Field: An Indian Story of the Second World War, </span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Raghu Karnad</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Through
the personal stories of three young men from his own family, Karnad, a
journalist, unfolds India’s little-known WWII <a href="https://scroll.in/article/745700/love-and-anxiety-over-guns-and-bullets-an-intimate-story-of-indians-in-world-war-ii"><span style="color: blue;">story</span></a>. The prose and sweeping narrative are both
novel-like and make for a gripping read.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">WWII was
different from WWI in many respects, of course, but for Indians, it was also
the first time that many were college-educated and became officers less out of
financial necessity and more from a desire for glamour and adventure. The Fifth
Indian Infantry Division, which the book mostly follows, fought in Sudan,
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Libya, Egypt from 1940 to 1944. </span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
Karnad also shows us that many Indian soldiers and officers did not actually
fight enemy forces. Rather, they worked toward maintaining the British empire
and even the domination of certain Indian classes over others.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">India at War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, Yasmin Khan</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A historian
and professor, Khan reveals not only the personal stories of many individual
Indian soldiers and their families but also how this war shaped social,
economic, and cultural changes across all of South Asia.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khan also
goes deeper into what happened to the families the Indian soldiers left behind
at home to face hard labour, starvation, disease, steep price inflation, and
more. Beyond the descriptions of campaigns and battles, she gives us the lives
of people across all walks of life – peasants, politicians, businessmen,
seamen, brothel owners, English <i>memsahibs</i>, prisoners of war. In
particular, she describes how the Bengal famine of 1943, which killed more than
three million people, was a direct result of WWII and, thus, caused the
greatest number of war-related mass casualties that India has ever seen.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">India’s War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, Srinath Raghavan</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This <a href="https://scroll.in/article/807068/no-officers-no-equipment-no-money-or-how-the-indian-army-had-to-be-built"><span style="color: blue;">book</span></a> draws us into the many battles both abroad
(West Asia, North and East Africa, and Europe) and at home, showing how and why
WWII helped end colonial rule in South Asia. It covers a wide arc from Gandhi’s
early support of Britain’s war efforts to the Burma Campaign.</span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prior to
his distinguished academic career in the UK, Raghavan spent six years as an
infantry officer in the Indian army. So his descriptions of frontier action and
battles, including some rather obscure ones, are vividly brilliant. It is also
marvellous that, in this hefty volume, he manages to dive deeper into war
economics than most other books on the list to reveal how, toward the end, the
British owed India an unbelievable £1.3 billion.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Indian Spy: The True Story of the Most Remarkable Secret Agent of
World War II</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, Mihir
Bose</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This is
the story of a quintuple <a href="https://scroll.in/article/833360/this-indian-was-probably-the-most-extraordinary-spy-of-world-war-ii"><span style="color: blue;">spy</span></a>, a Hindu Pathan from British India, who
worked for Britain, Italy, Germany, Japan, and Russia. His espionage adventures
and daring escapades ought to be a movie by now.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Codenamed
“Silver” by the British, Bhagat Ram Talwar is known in India for his role in
helping Subhash Chandra Bose escape to Germany to get Hitler’s help to free
India from the British. However, beyond that daredevilry, Talwar played a much
larger role in the global war by playing the British off the Germans, the
Germans off the Russians, and so on. In the British Intelligence Services, he
worked under Peter Fleming, brother of Ian Fleming who famously created James
Bond. Talwar was so highly regarded by the British that they rewarded him
handsomely at the end of the war with a house, money, and more. The Germans
rated him highly too, awarding him the Iron Cross.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Spy Princess: The Life of Noor Inayat Khan</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, Shrabani Basu</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
descendant of the legendary Indian ruler, Tipu Sultan, Khan was a Muslim
princess and had quite the dashing, daring spy life in wartime Europe before
the Nazis captured, tortured, and shot her to death at Dachau. She was only 30
years old and, tough to the end, she did not give away any of her secrets. Her
final word was “Liberté”.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Born in
Russia before WWI, she had grown up in England and France and, after her
father’s death in India and the subsequent grief-driven seclusion of her
mother, she had raised her younger siblings. When she joined the British
Special Operations Executive organisation, she become one of their most
resourceful and efficient spies helping the French Resistance and escaping the
Gestapo for at least three months – longer than most others who had done
similar work. Though trained as a guerrilla fighter in bomb-making, sabotage,
and secret communications, Noor also had a gentler, creative side – having been
raised in a tolerant, pacifist Muslim Sufi tradition, where she wrote
children’s stories and studied and played music.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">For King and Another Country: Indian Soldiers on the Western Front –
1914-18</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">,
Shrabani Basu</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The first
Great War changed the world forever, causing the collapse of the German,
Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires. Over a million Indian soldiers
fought in it. Basu gives us well-researched personal stories of both the
soldiers and their officers and, again, how the experiences ignited the flame
for the call for India’s independence.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
biggest challenge for historians trying to uncover India’s WWI story is that
most of the soldiers were illiterate. So, for personal first-person accounts,
there are no wartime memoirs or vast troves of letters back to India as with
the rest of Europe. The few literate Indian soldiers who did manage to write
letters back home painted a very different picture of trench warfare and how
the wounded were treated than we might assume from the letters of European soldiers.
Prejudice and racism – both by the British and between the various Indian
classes and castes – were rife even as Indian bravery was awarded Victoria
Crosses. There are several shocking details in this book and, for me, none more
so than the fact that some of the Indian soldiers were no more than 10 years
old.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">If I Die Here Who Will Remember Me? India and the First World War</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, Vedica Kant</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">At the
start of the first Great War, there were more Indian soldiers in the British
armies than the British themselves. Through personal letters, army archives,
and rare photographs, Kant gives us a view of a war that, through exposure to
other cultures and politics, also changed India forever.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In his
foreword to this book, Amitav Ghosh, whose own Ibis trilogy of novels covers
many other wars involving India, wrote, “… the Indian soldier’s experience of
the First World War resists appropriation by those who would like to merge it
seamlessly into the triumphal narrative of the winning side. The sepoy’s
ambivalence, as much as the anomalous circumstances of the army to which he
belonged, made sure that his story could not be fitted into the usual frames of
‘victor’ and ‘vanquished’. This is another reason why the sepoy’s role in the
war is so often overlooked.” And it is this ambivalence of the Indian soldier,
between loyalty and mutiny, that Kant captures here.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sepoys in the Trenches: The Indian Corps on the Western Front 1914-15</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, Gordon Corrigan</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As a
commanding officer in the Brigade of Gurkhas, Corrigan is a military historian
and a compelling storyteller, weaving together a narrative from interviews and
archives across India and Nepal. Here, he gives us the troubles and heroics of
an Indian corps of two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade – all fighting
against enemies they hardly knew for a cause that was not their own.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Corrigan
had a military education and career (in the British Army’s Royal Gurkha
Rifles.) In addition to describing the mundane activities of the everyday life
of Indian and British soldiers, he also gives us the sheer terror and, yes,
exhilaration of Indian soldiers who spent days in “no man’s land” or in the
firing line. Interestingly, based on his own 30 years in the Gurkhas, Corrigan
posits that a very strong bond existed between the British officer and the
Indian soldier. And the most interesting bits, for me, are when Corrigan
describes how the Indian soldiers brought something unique to the British in
trench warfare: <i>jugaad</i> or the ability to improvise things like trench
mortar or hand grenades from, say, wood bound with wire or steel tubing. There
are also various fascinating anecdotes of Indian bravery – or suicidal
stupidity, as was the case sometimes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Indian Army on the Western Front: India’s Expeditionary Force to
France and Belgium in the First World War</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, George Morton-Jack</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
the ever-emerging accounts of resilience and bravery, India’s role in both the
Great Wars is still riddled with controversies. Specifically on the Western
Front, Indian soldiers who fought alongside the British Expeditionary Force
(BEF) from 1914 to 1918 were considered to have performed poorly. However, like
many other writers on this list, Morton-Jack also holds the belief that the
British would not have lasted without Indian soldiers.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">He starts
well before WWI began to give us a thorough description of the Indian army –
their capabilities and weaknesses and how skills in mountain or tribal warfare
and lack of skills in trench warfare both helped and hindered. He then goes on
to show, through accounts of how these particular Indian Expeditionary Force
soldiers adapted, organised, and eventually contributed greatly to modern
warfare. Morton-Jack asserts that, had these Indian Corps continued serving on
the Western Front for the entire First World War, they would have become one of
the most elite and formidable forces of their time. Instead, of course, they
were sent on to fight in other theatres, putting to good use all that they had
gained.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">World War One in Southeast Asia: Colonialism and Anti-colonialism in an
Era of Global Conflict</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">, Heather Streets-Salter</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This book
was only released earlier this year and covers a wider region beyond
present-day India: British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina.
Indian expatriate revolutionaries were spread all across these regions and,
during WWI, they collaborated against the Allies by smuggling arms and people
in the cause of Indian independence from the British and the French.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Streets-Salter
takes us thousands of miles away from the Western Front, which is the primary
theater of battle most of us are familiar with for WWI. In her introduction,
she writes, “The stories I tell about empire and colonialism are about
connections between colonies – and between colonies and independent states –
rather than simply colonial connections with their various metropoles. And the
stories I tell about world history begin with individuals in a small place and
move outward, from the local to the regional and global.” And she shows how,
during WWI, the interconnected influences between the British, French, and
Dutch colonies were consular, diplomatic, anti-colonial and, above all, highly
porous.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bonus
books</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Forgotten
Armies: The Fall of British Asia</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b>and</b> <b><i>Forgotten Wars: Freedom and
Revolution in Southeast Asia,</i></b> <b>by Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Both of
these books provide spectacular, nuanced accounts of the end of the British
empire in Asia after and as a direct result of WWII. We find that “forgotten”
is a deliberate misnomer for “never reported” war-related atrocities that happened
after Hiroshima across the British empire in Asia. For these parts of Asia,
WWII never really ended but continued in the form of bloody civil wars,
anti-colonial freedom movements, and communal massacres.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As the
British empire crumbled and receded, it left behind a terrible, messy backwash
of conflict and devastation that, for much of the region, is still being
reckoned with. Drawing on a vast range of Indian (including Pakistani and
Bangladeshi), Burmese, Chinese, Malay, British, American, and Japanese voices,
the authors show how modern south and southeast Asia rose from the ashes of the
British empire.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
welcome your comments at <a href="mailto:?Subject=After%20%E2%80%98Dunkirk%E2%80%99%2C%20a%20starter%20list%20of%2010%20engaging%20books%20%28and%20a%20bonus%29%20on%20India%E2%80%99s%20role%20in%20the%20World%20Wars&to=letters@scroll.in" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">letters@scroll.in. </span></a></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Source:
<a href="http://x2t.com/507185">scrollin</a></span></div>
</h2>
</div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-23287710441734645462019-11-04T17:48:00.000-05:002019-11-07T17:49:33.920-05:00శ్రీ కౌముది నవంబర్ 2019<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://www.koumudi.net/Monthly/2019/november/index.html"><img alt="శ్రీ కౌముది నవంబర్ 2019" border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="740" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWu9jHpjZtUCGfbVTA-MfT4df9jsSOuUUnlX15gID30-pgf7BdAY9M6kP3dwQHewIZomEAzL1FQ3yviMGZm6hg4RIIIaueEKlFkU_bgLfgGE6f4JlcObRA_352jImbbF_gra7iVA/s400/nov_2019_coverpage.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-32979935417042802252019-10-04T17:53:00.000-04:002019-11-07T17:57:04.407-05:00శ్రీ కౌముది అక్టోబర్ 2019<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.koumudi.net/Monthly/2019/october/index.html"><img alt="శ్రీ కౌముది అక్టోబర్ 2019" border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="740" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYupkzxKRzIg1Ro6sjgYaKhdyHDzytEGnF-3N_9Phl-KQO-mjUwg7HgSNbRsLfZ5plDRiR0T0wtw3oZSuHFbBWCv9Lo7LnWdsXH42HQgeJhKfxfGk5BMxGY9kgGLbBdbmkSMYOg/s400/oct_2019_coverpage.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-80508652363792535802019-09-05T18:15:00.000-04:002019-09-20T18:16:25.588-04:00శ్రీ కౌముది సెప్టెంబర్ 2019<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://www.koumudi.net/Monthly/2019/september/index.html"><img alt="శ్రీ కౌముది సెప్టెంబర్ 2019" border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="740" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2G6ZbZDdsQV7FHe9EuXBoDs5q5OhsZGn-gQJgY35mZh0XQpi0rMWXpFbZG7cMBa6k9jOlkhrWfA0G8st5LbYCZRa_btC3-rK5daRyHZGDShi677KsjLTLeFm2bE30TIeXa7cGXA/s400/sept_2019_coverpage.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Raju (PD)http://www.blogger.com/profile/13700549127558272029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7648152.post-42313962942112463082019-08-20T23:12:00.001-04:002019-08-20T23:12:39.252-04:00Naga resistance is not recent – its history goes back to the 13th century <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: red;">BOOK EXCERPT</span></b><br />
<br />
In
‘Kuknalim’, Nandita Haksar and Sebastian M Hongray collect the
testimonies of key individuals associated with the Naga armed
resistance.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://tinyurl.com/y37v8ver"><img alt="scroll.in" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpHX1Zt5SzAntRRpuOoYmSPsyulScp9b8n38rzrT0dx1xVf8NJqbPmrIthoRYH0vombGvASoI9m_OxsHxsDXIQxJLFoyA51roAogjCEnf38i8iKsYo_8MIzcCmkXneJJI-wUEY8w/s400/125768-vtfhghjbkm-1566115240.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">A Naga militant at Hebron Camp. | Adnan Abidi / Reuters </span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: red;">Nandita Haksar </span></b> & <b><span style="color: red;">Sebastian M Hongray</span></b> <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Origins of the Nagas</span></b><br />
<br />
According
to the oral traditions of many Naga tribes, their ancestors migrated
from Yunnan in China. Some claim they were forced to leave during the
construction of the Great Wall of China.<br />
<br />
Having
travelled from China through the jungles of Myanmar, the Nagas arrived
at Makhel. The Naga tribes pronounce the name in different ways –
Makhriffi, Meikhel, Mekroma, Mekharomei, Mekrimi, Makhel, or Makhriohfu –
but there is no dispute over the exact location of the village or its
significance.<br />
<br />
Makhel is a small village near Sajouba,
Tadubi village of Senapati district in Manipur on the border of Nagaland
State. But Makhel existed long, long before the existence of Senapati,
Manipur, or even India.<br />
<br />
It is said this village became
so prosperous that the people had to leave and migrate to different
parts of the region. The community must have grown and flourished
because there came a time when the land could no longer provide for all
of them. It was time to move once again. It was a time of parting, a
time to separate from one’s loved ones, search for new lands and
establish new villages.<br />
<br />
Before they dispersed, the
people of Makhel planted a pear tree and under the tree they took a
solemn oath that they would one day come together again. Even today the
tree stands and is called Chütebu. No one was allowed to cut even a
small branch of this sacred tree. Legend has it that anyone who tries to
cut a branch will instantly fall to his death and a terrible storm will
follow.<br />
<br />
However, if a branch of the tree broke on its
own, the chief of Makhel would immediately send a message to all the
people of Makhel and they would observe “genna”, during which period no
one could go to the fields and all had to maintain a state of ritual
purity. The fallen branch would be left to decay and return to the soil.
This custom was practiced in living memory of Nagas before their
conversion to Christianity. In 1880 a British army officer passing the
village of Makhel noted that there was a pear tree which had stood for
three or four hundred years, and was greatly venerated by the villagers.
However, he did not discover the reason for this veneration.<br />
<br />
Often
Naga scholars have described the tree as an apple tree in an attempt to
link it to the Garden of Eden; they have not speculated on the
symbolism of the pear tree. Pears are native to China. In ancient
Chinese civilisation, the pear tree symbolises longevity and
immortality.<br />
<br />
There is a Chinese superstition that pears
should never be shared. In Chinese, the phrase for “sharing a pear” is
分梨 (fēn lí). It is a homophone of 分离 (fēn lí) which means “to
separate”. Therefore, sharing a pear would mean you separate from the
person with whom you share the fruit.<br />
<br />
On January 1,
1992, a monolith was erected at the site of the pear tree (Chütebu) and
the inscription on the monolith reads: “This tree is known as the
oldest tree in the history of the Nagas...This tree still stands as a
symbol of unity and oneness of the whole Naga tribes...”<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Beginning of Naga resistance</span></b><br />
<br />
Naga
nationalists trace the beginning of Naga resistance against incursions
into their territory to the time of the Tai-Ahom invasion in the
thirteenth century. The Tai people came from what is today the border
between Myanmar and China’s Yunnan province. The Tai (or Shan) people
are called Ahom in India.<br />
<br />
The Ahom dynasty (1228–1826)
was established by Sukaphaa, a Shan prince of Mong Mao who came to Assam
after crossing the Patkai mountains. The Ahom dynasty ruled for 598
years; their rule ended with the Burmese invasion of Assam and the
subsequent annexation by the British East India Company following the
Treaty of Yandabo in 1826.<br />
<br />
According to a statement
issued by the Naga National Council in 1955 the genesis of the Naga
political resistance started in 1228 AD when the Tai invaded Assam. This
position was reiterated by Thuingaleng Muivah in an interview in 2009,
when asked by journalist Subir Ghosh: “The birth of Naga nationalism is
seen by many as the submission of a memorandum to the Simon Commission
in 1929. Do you agree that the formation of the Naga Club (in 1918) was
the first concrete step towards Naga nationalism?”<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Thuingaleng Muivah replied:</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"> “It would be a
serious mistake if one thinks that the submission of a memorandum to the Simon
Commission in 1929 was the birth of Naga nationalism. The Nagas’ history did
not start with this incident. Alien forces in the past had met with stiff
resistance from the Nagas—the Shans from the east and the Ahoms from the west,
prior to the British intrusion into Nagaland. The British suffered many
setbacks from the resistance put up by the Nagas. All these acts actuated from
the love of their country. Indeed, Nagas were zealous of their homeland. The
formation of the Naga Club and the submission of the memorandum to the Simon
Commission are, of course, historic in that the Naga Club officially
represented the Nagas and the memorandum expressed the national aspiration of
the Nagas as a whole.”</span></div>
<br />
Apart from these
statements by Naga nationalist leaders, the oral tradition of the Nagas,
including their songs and folk stories, testify to their resistance
against Ahom incursions. For instance, Ao Nagas have a song about a
warrior called Kumnatoba who led an army of Naga warriors right into
Rongpur, the Ahom capital, and killed many enemies young and old,
carrying back countless heads as trophies of war along with cattle,
utensils and clothing.<br />
<br />
It was in December 1228 AD that
Sukaphaa, the first Ahom King, crossed the Patkai through the Pangchao
Pass (through which the Stilwell Road was made during the World War). He
faced stiff resistance from Naga warriors but they were ultimately
defeated. This<br />
is how the Ahom Burranji records Sukaphaa’s savagery:<br />
<br />
A
great number of Nagas was killed and many were made captives. Some
Nagas were cut to pieces and their fleshes (sic) cooked. Then the king
made a younger brother eat the cooked flesh of his elder brother and a
father of his son’s. Thus Sukaphaa destroyed the Naga villages. The
inhabitants of other villages being very much afraid acknowledged his
subjugation.<br />
<br />
However, the Nagas continued their
resistance to the Ahoms. There were altogether forty Ahom Kings who
ruled for six hundred years from 1228 to 1838 when the British deposed
the last King and annexed Assam.<br />
<br />
The Burranjis record
confrontation between Ahoms and Nagas in the reign of sixteen Ahom
kings, with the conflicts intensifying after the thirteenth king
ascended the throne in 1493 and expanded his kingdom into Naga
territory. The conflict was often over control of salt wells located in
Naga lands.<br />
Naga resistance to British colonial rule<br />
<br />
The
Naga resistance to British incursions is well-documented by various
authors including Tajenyuba Ao in his book British Occupation of Naga
Country.<br />
<br />
The British sent ten military expeditions
against the Angamis from 1839 and 1865. The tenth expedition was sent to
Khonoma in 1850 when a force of 500 soldiers of Assam Light Infantry
and 200 soldiers of Cachar and Jorhat Militia were sent along with two
mountain guns and two mortars. The force entered the hills in December,
where they were attacked by the Nagas with showers of spears and rocks,
killing thirty-six sepoys.<br />
<br />
In November 1879 the British
again attacked Khonoma, and this time also the Naga warriors defended
their village by throwing huge rocks and spears from their strongly
built fort on top of the hill. In that battle two British officers and
one native Subedar Major were killed, two British officers and two
native officers were wounded, and forty-four soldiers were killed.<br />
<br />
The
British imposed a heavy penalty on the villagers as punishment for
resistance. Here is a vivid description of the destruction of Khonoma
village by the British:<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"> “In 1880
the village of Khonoma had its wonderful terraced cultivation confiscated and
its clans were dispersed among other villages. The result was that the
dispossessed villagers found themselves not only deprived of their homes, but,
by confiscation of their settled cultivation, they were during the whole year
reduced to the condition of homeless wanderers, dependent to a great extent on
the charity of neighbours and living in temporary huts in the jungles. The
result was widespread sickness and mortality.”</span></div>
<br />
This was the experience of hundreds of Naga villages throughout
the colonial era. There are songs about the suffering of the Nagas
during colonial rule like this one composed by the people of Khonoma:<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: blue;">“You from far unknown valley<br />
Looking more ghost-like than man<br />
With peculiar wooden toys<br />
Crushing neighbours without much effort <br />
Have settled in our land<br />
May we with good fortune<br />
Conquer and defeat<br />
And have our serenity once again.”</span></div>
<br />
The
Nagas deeply resented the rules and regulations made by the British
which were both humiliating and oppressive. T Aliba Imti, the first
President of the Naga National Council, describes these rules in his
book Reminiscence: Impur to Naga National Council. He states that the
regulations did not come in writing but were passed on the whims of the
Deputy Commissioner. For instance, he recalls that in the Naga hills,
Naga students were forbidden from dressing in Western clothes or having
Western haircuts. He writes:<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"> “They were to
dress in loin cloth, as that was the dress of the tribals, and to have their
hair cut in the tribal way, round the head, and anyone not found in this tribal
attire and haircut was to be fined a sum of 2 rupees – a big sum in those days.
In this regard, I told the Mokokchung High School boys that this was nonsense
and a stupid order which should be challenged. ‘I am the owner of my head’ I
said. This was in September 1946, and this practice was still in force. I told
the boys in the hostel that if they so desired they could keep their hair cut
any way they wanted. This statement was very much appreciated and applauded. I
jokingly said this should not create any students unrest! Anyway, from the next
day the boys went all out and cut their hair in the Western or as the British
called it the Bengali style.”</span></div>
<br />
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<br />
Excerpted
with permission from Kuknalim – Naga Armed Resistance: Testimonies Of
Leaders, Pastors, Healers And Soldiers, Nandita Haksar and Sebastian M
Hongray, Speaking Tiger.<br />
<br />
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